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- International bank of reconstruction and development
(IBRD) is created in 1944 according to Áðåòòîí-Âóäñêèì by the agreement.
- THE IBRD grants means for rendering assistance to less developed countries for
realization of the investment program of a development.
IBRD as inter-governmental credit and financial organization, he realizes:
- Assistance to a development of international trade;
- Maintaining of balances of payments;
- Stimulation of an economic development of the countries - members.
- THE IBRD is considered as specialized establishment of the United Nations, but,
according to the By-law of the bank and agreement signed between the United Nations and a
IBRD, the IBRD is practically independent in the decisions. The essence of activity of a
IBRD consists in granting the long-term loans, as a rule, to less developed countries, and
per the last decade — and countries which have replaced the ïîëèòèêî-economic
orientation on a boundary 80 — 90 ãã.
- THE IBRD selects the credits on conditions similar to conditions of the
private(individual) commercial loans, that is under high enough percent(interest). These
loans intend both for state, and for private(individual) organizations.
- THE IBRD actively interferes with regulation of world(global) economic processes on an
extent 55 years. The large loans are granted, as a rule, for the term of till 20 years
under the market interest rate, that provides approximately 30 % of a total cost of
credited IBRD of objects. Rest is covered at the expense of internal sources of the
countries - borrowers or at the expense of engaging other external resources. Compulsory
condition of granting of the loans is the preliminary consent of the borrower to execute
the economic program enacted IBRD. Thus, the countries - borrowers get in the certain
dependence on this organization.
- The members of a IBRD can become only states, which previously become the members of
International monetary fund. To the beginning of 1999 in numbers(lines) of a IBRD consist
about 180 states, including Russian Federation (was connected on the basis of the
governmental Order of Russian Federation ¹ 2815-1 « About the introduction of Russian
Federation into International monetary fund, International bank of reconstruction and
development and International association of a development » from May 22, 1992). Since
this time of Russian Federation began to receive regularly loans of a IBRD, IMF and
organizations, associated with them, having given the obligations about granting the
warranties under the loans according to the provisions of the agreements about the loans
and warranties.
As USA has in a IBRD greatest percent(interest) of votes according to primal and
consequent instalments, also president of this financial organization traditionally elects
the representative of USA. 7 leading industrial powers of the world — Great Britain,
France, Germany, Japan, Canada, Italy and USA — possess in a IBRD in general more than
50 % of votes.
- The means of a IBRD develop of the charter capital; resources involved(attracted) in the
world market of the loan capitals, and also at the expense of issue of the bonds and
incomes of activity on granting the credits.
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